@ Muslim Philosophy;
@ diafrica.org;
@ New Advent;
@ Jewish Encyclopedia;
@ Ontology. A Resource Guide for Philosophers
History Philosophy Informative:
634-654: conquered Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Persia;
711-759: conquered Iberian Peninsula;
744-750: civil war, won for Abasids, Umayyads lost (their royal line continiued in
Iberia);
762: Abasid caliph Mansur founded Baghdad;
830: Caliph Al-Ma'mun established 'House of Wisdom', scholars of this
institution were mainly non-Islamic (Christians, Sabians, Zoroastrians,
Manicheans); on the other side Al-Ma'mun orders persecutions of these non-
Islamic religions;
847: political victory of Hanbalite hadith school against Mutazilite
school; rational theology becomes marginalized;
850-900: virtualy all Aristotle texts were available; on the contrary:
Aristotle was interpreted as Neo-Platonist;
960: Spain Umayyad al-Mansur bulided great library at Córdoba;
970: Baghdad caliphate in final stages; rise of Shi'ite fraction in Egypt;
1000: Islam becomes a majority religion in Mesopotamia and Persia;
1035: Ibn Sina read the Metapysics 40th time, yet he did not understood it;
1055: Ghaznavid Turks conquer Baghdad and impose Sunnite ortodoxy; time of
burning books and persecutions of Shi'ites, remains of Mutazilites , Ismailis and
moderate Ashraite school. Not to mention pre-Islamic religions.
1071: anti-Intellectual Hanbalis makes a preasure on kalam schools and falsifa.
1085: Christians conquer Toledo;
1099: Christians in the First Crusade massacred inhabitants of Jerusalem;
1100: falsifa virtualy ended in islamic east; Sufism flourishes and
incorporates alliences with ultra radical hanbalites;
1118: Christians conquer Saragossa, Córdoba caliphate collapses;
1125-1150: bishop of Toledo establishes school for translation; Qu'ran is
translated in latin;
1147: Christians recapture Lisbon;
1149: Berberic Almohads take over Córdoba and Andalusia, Jews and philosophers
flee;
1200: Jew intellectuals found islamic world hostile and made uneasy move to Christendom;
1231: Mongol armies had overrun Persia and Mesopotamia;
1236: Christians take over Córdoba and …;
1248: … Seville;
1258: Mongols massacred and destroyed Baghdad; city's lost its remains of
vitality;
1280-1300: the most popular texts of Kabbalah appeared;
1291: Crusader Christians had been driven out; persecutions of eastern
Christians;
1492: Kingdom of Kastil and Aragon unites. Enclava of Granada conquered,
ending age of re-conquista.
prophet Muhammad, c.570-632:
@ New Religious Movements,
@ usc.edu,
@ Humanistic Texts
KALAM:
@ The Philosophy Of Kalam,
@ Encyclopedia of Orient,
@ Wikipedia
SHIISM:
@ Encyclopedia of Orient
@ LookLex Encyclopaedia,
---> COMMON SHIA:
@ LookLex Encyclopaedia,
@ Wikipedia
---> ISMAILI {Imam before Prophet}:
@ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
@ LookLex Encyclopaedia,
@ Wikipedia
MUTAZILITE:
@ LookLex Encyclopaedia,
@ Wikipedia
SUFISM:
@ arches.uga.edu,
@ Encyclopedia of Orient,
@ LookLex Encyclopaedia,
@ Wikipedia
MATH & SCIENCE
ALCHEMY:
@ chemheritage.org,
@ Wikipedia
____________________________
St. John of Damascus, c.675-c.750, {Father and Doctor of Eastern Ch., Melikte Christian, important middle link in transmitting ancient knowledge to Arabs, w. »Fount of Knowledge«}:
@ New Advent,
@ Wikipedia
Hasan al Basri, ?-d. 728, {proto-Mutazili proto-Sufi, from Basra}:
@ Wikipedia
(Abu Hanifah), c.700-c.767, {jurist, founder of Hanafi School}:
@ Muslim Heritage,
@ Wikipedia
Wasil ibn Ata, c.700–748, {founder of the Mutazilite}:
@ Wikipedia,
Amr ibn Ubayd, d.761, {founder of the Mutazilite}:
@ Wikipedia
Malik ibn Anas, c.715-796, {Hadith Scholar, anti-Kalam, w. »Kitab Al-Muwatta«}:
@ Wikipedia
(al Muqaffa), c.735-?, {translator from Persian to Arabic} *
Mu'ammar al Basri, 8th. cent., {Basra theologian, atomic substantialism and occasionalism} *
Hisham ibn al-Hakam, 8th. cent, {Mutazili, no difference btw substance and accidents, Qu'ran as allegory} *
Rabia al Basri, 717-801, {mystic}:@ Poet Seers
Malik ibn Anas, 8/9th cent., {Malkite School} *
Dirar ibn Amr, 8/9th cent., {Mutazili, anti-substantial, only accidents exist} *
(Harun al Rashid), 766-r.786-809), {fifth caliph of the Abbasid dynasty} *
--------------
al Jahiz; c.781-c.869, {Mutazili encyclopeadist, introduced evolutionist concept of 'strugle for existence', w. zoology work »Kitab al-Hayawan« (Book of Animals)}:
@ al Jahiz influence on Lamarck and Darwin,
@ Muslim Philosophy,
@ Islam Online,
@ Wikipedia
Al-Bukhari, 810-870:
@ Hyper History
Abu'l-Hudhayal al-Allaf, d. 840 {Mutazili, proponent of free will} *
al Tahawi, c.843-935, {Sunni-Hanafi Scholar}:
@ Wikipedia
Abu Ishaq al Nazzam, d. 845, {radical Mutazili, anti-substantial, proponent of free will} :
@ Muslim Philosophy
Al Shafi'i, 9th. cent, {student of Malik, founder of Shafi'ite School}:
@ [url=As-Sunna Foundation of America]http://www.sunnah.org/publication/khulafa_rashideen/shafii.htm[/url],
@ Wikipedia
Bishr al-Mu'tamir, 9.th cent, {Baghdad Mutazili} *
(Ahmad Ibn Hanbal), 780-855, {Hanbalite hadith school of anti-kalam and anti-Mutazili, the most rigid form of law schools of Islam}:
@ LookLex Encyclopaedia
(Abdullah al-Mamun), ?-r.813-833, {Abbasid caliph, supporter of translating, House of Wisdom, Qu'ran as created} *
--------------------
al Khwarizmi (Algorithmi), 9th.cent., {0 and more philo stuff}:
@ The History of Computing Project,
@ Public Broadcasting Station,
@ Mathematics University of St Andrews
al-Harish al-Muhasibi, 9th. cent., {with him starts Sufism as mysticism}
al Bistami [Abu Yazid], 9th.cent., {Sufi}:
@ fortunecity.com
Junayd Baghdadi, 9th.cent., {Sufi, via ibn Sina, w. »Kitab al-mu'tabar«}:
@ Mathematics University of St Andrews,
@ abc.se,
@ Elements Of Sufism,
@ Wikipedia
--------------------
al Kindi (Alkindus), c.800-c.87, {school Mashsha'i, 'falsifa' importer, innovator of Arab ph. terminology, eclectic synthesis btw Islam, Neoplatonism and Aristotel(=Plotinus)}:
@ Muslim Philosophy,
@ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
@ Resources on Islam & Science,
@ Mathematics University of St Andrews,
@ Philosophy Pages,
@ Wikipedia
Abu 'l-Husayn al-Nuri, ?-d. 908, {Sufi}:
@ Poetry Chaikhana
al Junayd al Hazzas, d. 909, {Sufi} *
Abu Hashim, 9/10th cent., {swan song of Mutazilites} *
Isaac Israeli ben Solomon, c.850-950, {Jewish Neopatonist ph., physician, co-emanation of matter and form, influence on Saadia, Albertus Magnus and Aquinas}:
@ Wikipedia
al Hallaj, 857-922, {radical populist Sufi and martyr, al Junayd student, w. poem »I am the Truth!«, expert for al Hallaj is L. Massignon, who wrote »La Passion d'Al-Hallaj, martyr mistique de l'islam«}:
@ Elements Of Sufism,
@ Poetry Chaikhana,
@ Poet Seers
Abu Bishr Matta, 9/10th cent., {Ch. logican, conditional syllogisms, influence on Farabi} *
Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes), 865-925, {physician, alchemist, secular and anti-religious ph., reason is superior over prophecy}:
@ NNDB biographies,
@ Jewish Virtual Library,
@ Wikipedia
Daud al-Muqammas, ?- 937, {Jewish ph., importer from the Arabic 'falsifa'}:
@ Wikipedia
----------------
al Farabi (Alfarabius), 872-950, {school mashsha'i, Sufi, scientist, Neo-Platonist Aristotle commentator, Prophet as philosopher-king, quantification of predicates}:
@ Muslim Philosophy,
@ diafrica.org,
@ FARABI.html,
@ Philosophy Pages,
@ Wikipedia
al Ashari, 873-935, {ex-Mutazili, Ashari hadith school of Kalam, Qur'an is not created, w. »Maqalat al-eslamiyin« (Islam and Reason) }:
@ Resources on Islam and Science,
@ Hyper History,
@ LookLex Encyclopaedia,
@ Wikipedia
(al-Nawbakhti), 10th cent., {Shiite, announces Hidden 12th Imam} *
Saadiah Gaon al Fayyumi, 882-942, {1st major Jewish ph., theo. & Rabbanite, w. »Book of Critically Chosen Belifs and Convictions«}:
@ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
@ Jewish Virtual Library,
@ bautz.de,
@ Philosophy Pages,
@ Wikipedia
Ibn Masarra, 883-941, {1st Muslim ph. in Spain, both Mutazili & Sufi}:
@ Muslim Philosophy,
@ Wikipedia
Yahya ibn Adi, 893-974, {Syrian Christian, reasoning of God's unity and trinity} *
al Baqillani, 10th cent, {Ashari hadith school} *
al Maturidi, 10th cent, (offshot of Ashari school in Samarqand, elements od Mutazilism}:
@ Wikipedia
Yahia ibn Adi, 10th cent., {Christian, student of al Farabi, teacher of Sijistani} *
al Amiri, 10th.cent., {Neo-Platonist thinker}:
@ Muslim Philosophy,
@ Wikipedia
Ibn al Rawandi, 10th.cent., {secular intellectual, science is superior to religion}:
@ Wikipedia
»Liber de causis«, 10th.cent.:
@ Muslim Philosophy
Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi, c.930-1023, {Neoplatonic Occultist and eclectic ph.} *
Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani, c.932-c.1000, {leader of ''Bretheren of Purity'', Aristotelian and Neoplatonist, reason and faith cannot be united} :
@ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
----------------
al Haytham (Alhazen), 965-1041, {scholar of islamic science, influence on R. Bacon}:
@ Mathematics University of St Andrews,
@ Wikipedia
(Abu-Said Abil-Kheir), 967-1049, {Sufi poet}:
@ Poetry Chaikhana,
Thabit ibn Qurra, 10th cent., {ex-Sabian star worshipper, influence on emanation theology} *
al Biruni (Aliboron), 973-1048, {Arab science erudit}:
@ Mathematics University of St Andrews,
@ Resources on Islam & Science,
@ Humanistic Texts,
@ Wikipedia
--------------------
Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 980-1037, {school mashsha'i, islamic Neo-Platonist, essence is higher reality than existence, w. »On the human soul«}:
@ Muslim Philosophy,
@ LookLex Encyclopaedia,
@ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
@ Ontology. A Resource Guide for Philosophers,
@ Resources on Islam & Science,
@ New Advent,
@ NNDB biographies,
@ Encyclopedia of Orient,
@ Mathematics University of St Andrews,
@ Kirjasto Author’s Calendar,
@ Jewish Virtual Library,
@ Philosophy Pages,
@ Wikipedia
Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar, 11.cent., {mutazili, encyc.} *
Nasir-i Khusraw, 11.cent. {Ismaili school of ph.} *
Ibn Hazm, 994-1063, {Spain anti-kalam theol., w. »Kitab al-fisal« (Detailed Critical Examination)}:
@ Muslim Philosophy,
@ Resources on Islam & Science,
@ Wikipedia
Khwaja Abdullah Ansari, 1006-1088, {Persian Sufi and hadith scholar, influence on Ibn Taymiyah, w. »Munajat Namah« (Litanies or dialogues with God)}:
@ Wikipedia
Ibn Gabirol (Avicebron), c.1020-c.1050, {Sp. Jewish ph. & poet, Neo-Platonist, w. »Fons Vitae«}:
@ New Advent,
@ Jewish Virtual Library,
@ Poetry Chaikhana,
@ Philosophy Pages,
@ Wikipedia
al-Juwayni, 1028-85, {philologist, Ashari school of kalam} *
(Omar Khayyam), c.1048-c.1132, {Persian Sufi poet and math., w. »Rubáiyát«}:
@ Mathematics University of St Andrews,
@ Kirjasto Author’s Calendar,
@ Poetry Chaikhana,
@ LookLex Encyclopaedia,
@ Poet Seers,
@ Jewish Virtual Library
Bahya Ibn Paquda, 1st.half. of 11th.cent, {Jewish-Sp. ph., Neo-Platonist under influence of Sufism, w. »Al Hidayah ila Faraid al-Qulub« (Guide to the Duties of the Heart)}:
@ Jewish Virtual Library,
@ Wikipedia
Ibn al Sid of Baiados, 1052-1127, {Spain ph., symbolic Pythagoreanism} *
--------------------
Abu Hamid al Ghazali (Algazel), 1059-1111, {sufi, Platonist, anti-ismaili, anti-Avicenna, radical occasionalist and voluntarist, main intelectual influence on Islam, w. »The Incoherence of the Philosophers«}:
@ ghazali.org,
@ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
@ Resources on Islam and Science,
@ LookLex Encyclopaedia,
@ Encyclopedia of Orient,
@ Philosophy Pages,
@ Wikipedia
Abraham Bar Hiyya, 1070-1136, {Jewish-Sp. ph., Eclectic Neo-Platonist, astron., astrol., w. »The Meditation of the Sad Soul«}:
@ Jewish Virtual Library,
@ Mathematics University of St Andrews,
@ Wikipedia
Moses ibn Ezra, 1070-c.1138, {Jewish-Sp. ph., Eclectic Neo-Platonist influenced by Gabirol, poet}:
@ Jewish Virtual Library,
@ Wikipedia
(Yehuda Halevi), 1075-1141, {Jewish-Sp. ph., anti-kalam, anti-karaite, Judaism over philosophy, w. »Kitab al-Khazari« (Book of Hazar)}:
@ Jewish Virtual Library,
@ Poetry Chaikhana,
@ Wikipedia
Joseph ibn Tzaddik, 12th. cent, {Neo-Platonist influenced by Gabirol, rationalist}:
@ Wikipedia
al Baghdaadi, c.1075-1164, {ex-Jewish convert, physician, metaphysic ph.}:
@ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibat_Alla ... -Baghdaadi
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 1095-1138, {Spain political ph., Neo-Platonist, school of mashsa'i}:
@ Muslim Philosophy,
@ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
@ New Advent,
@ Wikipedia
Ibn Tufayl (Abubacer), 1105-1185, {Spain ph. and novelist, Neo-Platonist, vegan, w. »Hayy ibn Yaqdhan« (Philosophus Autodidactus)}:
@ Muslim Philosophy,
@ LookLex Encyclopaedia,
@ Encyclopedia of Orient,
@ Wikipedia
Abraham ibn Daud, (Avendauth) c.1110-80, {Jewish-Sp. hist. & ph., introducer of aristotelianism to Jews, proto-Averroist, contra Platonism of ibn Gabirol}:
@ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
@ Philosophy Pages,
@ Wikipedia
Attar of Nishapur, 1120-1235, {sufi poet}:
@ Poet Seers,
@ Infoplease
ibn Quzman, ?-1159:
@ Wikipedia
(al-Bitruji (Alpetragius), 12th cent., {Spanish proto-Kopernikan astron., eccentrics and epicycles as redundant} *
--------------------
Ibn Rushd (Averroës), 1126-98, {Spain rationalistic ph., commentator and reanimator – not transmiter ! - of Aristotle qua Aristotle}:
@ Muslim Philosophy,
@ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
@ Resources on Islam & Science,
@ NNDB biographies,
@ LookLex Encyclopaedia,
@ Encyclopedia of Orient,
@ Kirjasto Author’s Calendar,
@ The History of Economic Thought Website,
@ Jewish Virtual Library,
@ New Advent,
@ Philosophy Pages,
@ Wikipedia
DOMINATION OF MISTYCISM AND SHARIA LEGALISM IN ISLAMIC THOUGHT
al Shirazi, 1128-1209, {Sufi, anti-Avicenna}:
@ Wikipedia
--------------------
Moses Maimonides (Rambam), 1135-1204, {Jewish-Sp. ph., Aristotelian, w. »Guide to the Perplexed«}:
@ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
@ Jewish Virtual Library,
@ New Advent,
@ Encyclopedia of Orient,
@ LookLex Encyclopaedia,
@ iis.unsa.ba,
@ Philosophy Professor,
@ Wikipedia
(Farid ad-Din Attar), c.1145-c. 1221, {Persian Sufi poet}:
@ Poetry Chaikhana,
@ Wikipedia
Fakhruddin Razi, 1149-1209, {Ashari school of kalam, influence on S.
Suhrawardi, anti-ibn Sina, w. »Mafatih al-ghayb« (The Keys to the Unknown)}:
@ izhamburg.de,
@ Muslim Philosophy,
@ Resources on Islam & Science,
@ Wikipedia
Shihab al-Din Suhrawardi, 1155-1191, {sufi, theosophic school of Ishraq-Light, reviving elements of Zoroastrianism, w. »Kitab hikmat al-ishrak« The Philosophy of Illumination}:
@ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
@ Muslim Philosophy,
@ Wikipedia
ibn Arabi, 1164-1240, {master Sufi who abandoned rational ph., Muhammad as Logos, w. »The Makkan Inspirations«}:
@ Ibn Arabi Society,
@ Resources on Islam and Science,
@ Poetry Chaikhana,
@ Poet Seers,
@ Wikipedia
Abraham ben Maimonides, 1168-1237, {son of Maimonides, defender of father's teaching, later mystic, w. »Complete Guide for Devotees«} *
Umar Ibn al-Farid, 1181 - 1235, {Sufi}
@ Poetry Chaikhana
Hamid al-Din Kirmani, ?-c.1238, {Ismaili schol of ph.}:
@ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
@ Poetry Chaikhana,
@ Wikipedia
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 1201-74, {math., astron., Shia kalam, important
for refutation of Ptolemaic system}:
@ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
@ Mathematics University of St Andrews,
@ Wikipedia
Jalal Ad-Din Rumi, 1207-1273, {Sufi, Persian poet, radical pantheist}:
@ Sufism Orders,
@ Poetry Chaikhana,
@ Poet Seers,
@ Kirjasto Author’s Calendar
Saadi, c.1207-91, {sufi, Ishraqi shool}:
@ Poetry Chaikhana
@ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_(poet)
Fakhruddin Iraqi, 1213-1289, {Sufi of ibn Arabi's lineage}:
@ Poetry Chaikhana
Said ibn Mansur Ibn Kammuna, 1215-1284, {last Jewish ph. in east, converted to Islam}:
@ Wikipedia
Ibn Sabin (Abensabín), 1218-50, {Aristotelan turned sufi}:
@ Biografias y vidas
(Yunus Emre), c.1238-1320, {Sufi poet}:
@ Poetry Chaikhana,
@ Wikipedia
al Hilli, 1250-1325, {Shia kalam}:
@ Wikipedia
Ibn Ata' Illah, 1250 - 1309, {Sufi}:
@ Poetry Chaikhana
Ibn Taymiyyah, 1263-1328, {Hanbalite school of anti-kalam, anti-Ibn Arabi, Muslim cannot be at same time a philosopher, w. »The Correct Answer to the One Who Changed the Religion of the Messiah«}:
@ Muslim Philosophy,
@ LookLex Encyclopaedia,
@ Encyclopedia of Orient,
@ Wikipedia
Ala al-Davl Simnani, {anti-Ibn Arabi} *
(Mahmud Shabistari) , c.1288 -c.1320, {Sufi of ibn Arabi's line, w. »Gulshan-i Raz« (The Secret Rose Garden)}:
@ Poetry Chaikhana,
@ Poet Seers
Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya, 1292-1350, {Hanbalite anti-occultist science scholar, disciple of Ibn Taymiyah}:
@ Famous Muslims,
@ Wikipedia
Ibn Battuta, 1304-1369, {w. »Rihlah«}:
@ LookLex Encyclopaedia,
Hamadani, 1314-85, {Shia Sufi}:
@ Poetry Chaikhana,
@ Wikipedia
(Hafiz), 1320 - 1389, {Persian Sufi and mystic poet}:
@ Hafiz 'On Love',
@ Poetry Chaikhana,
@ Poet Seers,
@ Wikipedia
Taftazani, 1322-1390, {Ashari school of kalam}:
@ salaam.co.uk
Shah Nimatullah, 14/15 cent., {Sufi}:
@ The Nimatullahi Sufi Order,
@ Wikipedia
--------------------
Ibn Khaldun, 1332-1406, {universal sociological thinker and historian, developed the very first secular social theory}:
@ Encyclopedia of Orient,
@ The History of Economic Thought Website,
@ Resources on Islam & Science,
@ Muslim Philosophy,
@ LookLex Encyclopaedia,
@ Humanistic Texts,
@ Wikipedia
al Dawani, 1426-1502, {Sufi, logic comentator, w. »Jalalean Ethics«}:
@ Muslim Philosophy
Isaac Luria, 1534-72, {influential Cabalist}:
@ Jewish Virtual Library,
@ Poetry Chaikhana
Chaim Vital, 1543-1620, {Cabalist}:
@ Jewish Virtual Library
Mir Damad, ???-1630, {Persian gnostic ph.}:
@ Muslim Philosophy,
@ Wikipedia
Mulla Sadra, c.1571-1640, {Persian ph., elements of Aristotelism, Neoplatonist occult ph. and Shi'ite theology, w. »Asfar«, "The Four Journeys"}:
@ Mulla Sadra.org,
@ Resources on Islam & Science,
@ Wikipedia
